Components
ALL GBD Mortality and Population Mortality Fertility Population Causes of Death and Disability Causes of Death Nonfatal Health Outcomes Risk Factors Covariates
Causes
Select All causes Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS - Drug-susceptible Tuberculosis HIV/AIDS - Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis without extensive drug resistance HIV/AIDS - Extensively drug-resistant Tuberculosis HIV/AIDS resulting in other diseases Sexually transmitted infections excluding HIV Syphilis Chlamydial infection Gonococcal infection Trichomoniasis Genital herpes Other sexually transmitted infections Respiratory infections and tuberculosis Tuberculosis Latent tuberculosis infection Drug-susceptible tuberculosis Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis without extensive drug resistance Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis Lower respiratory infections Upper respiratory infections Otitis media Enteric infections Diarrheal diseases Typhoid and paratyphoid Typhoid fever Paratyphoid fever Invasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) Other intestinal infectious diseases Neglected tropical diseases and malaria Malaria Chagas disease Leishmaniasis Visceral leishmaniasis Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis African trypanosomiasis Schistosomiasis Cysticercosis Cystic echinococcosis Lymphatic filariasis Onchocerciasis Trachoma Dengue Yellow fever Rabies Intestinal nematode infections Ascariasis Trichuriasis Hookworm disease Food-borne trematodiases Leprosy Ebola Zika virus Guinea worm disease Other neglected tropical diseases Other infectious diseases Meningitis Encephalitis Diphtheria Whooping cough Tetanus Measles Varicella and herpes zoster Acute hepatitis Acute hepatitis A Acute hepatitis B Acute hepatitis C Acute hepatitis E Other unspecified infectious diseases Maternal and neonatal disorders Maternal disorders Maternal hemorrhage Maternal sepsis and other maternal infections Maternal hypertensive disorders Maternal obstructed labor and uterine rupture Maternal abortion and miscarriage Ectopic pregnancy Indirect maternal deaths Late maternal deaths Maternal deaths aggravated by HIV/AIDS Other maternal disorders Neonatal disorders Neonatal preterm birth Neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma Neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections Hemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice Other neonatal disorders Nutritional deficiencies Protein-energy malnutrition Iodine deficiency Vitamin A deficiency Dietary iron deficiency Other nutritional deficiencies Non-communicable diseases Neoplasms Lip and oral cavity cancer Nasopharynx cancer Other pharynx cancer Esophageal cancer Stomach cancer Colon and rectum cancer Liver cancer Liver cancer due to hepatitis B Liver cancer due to hepatitis C Liver cancer due to alcohol use Liver cancer due to NASH Liver cancer due to other causes Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer Pancreatic cancer Larynx cancer Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer Malignant skin melanoma Non-melanoma skin cancer Non-melanoma skin cancer (squamous-cell carcinoma) Non-melanoma skin cancer (basal-cell carcinoma) Breast cancer Cervical cancer Uterine cancer Ovarian cancer Prostate cancer Testicular cancer Kidney cancer Bladder cancer Brain and central nervous system cancer Thyroid cancer Mesothelioma Hodgkin lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Multiple myeloma Leukemia Acute lymphoid leukemia Chronic lymphoid leukemia Acute myeloid leukemia Chronic myeloid leukemia Other leukemia Other malignant neoplasms Other neoplasms Myelodysplastic, myeloproliferative, and other hematopoietic neoplasms Benign and in situ intestinal neoplasms Benign and in situ cervical and uterine neoplasms Other benign and in situ neoplasms Cardiovascular diseases Rheumatic heart disease Ischemic heart disease Stroke Ischemic stroke Intracerebral hemorrhage Subarachnoid hemorrhage Hypertensive heart disease Non-rheumatic valvular heart disease Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease Non-rheumatic degenerative mitral valve disease Other non-rheumatic valve diseases Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis Myocarditis Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Other cardiomyopathy Atrial fibrillation and flutter Aortic aneurysm Peripheral artery disease Endocarditis Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases Chronic respiratory diseases Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Pneumoconiosis Silicosis Asbestosis Coal workers pneumoconiosis Other pneumoconiosis Asthma Interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis Other chronic respiratory diseases Digestive diseases Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis B Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis C Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to alcohol use Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to NAFLD Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to other causes Upper digestive system diseases Peptic ulcer disease Gastritis and duodenitis Gastroesophageal reflux disease Appendicitis Paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction Inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernia Inflammatory bowel disease Vascular intestinal disorders Gallbladder and biliary diseases Pancreatitis Other digestive diseases Neurological disorders Alzheimer's disease and other dementias Parkinson's disease Idiopathic epilepsy Multiple sclerosis Motor neuron disease Headache disorders Migraine Tension-type headache Other neurological disorders Mental disorders Schizophrenia Depressive disorders Major depressive disorder Dysthymia Bipolar disorder Anxiety disorders Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Autism spectrum disorders Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Conduct disorder Idiopathic developmental intellectual disability Other mental disorders Substance use disorders Alcohol use disorders Drug use disorders Opioid use disorders Cocaine use disorders Amphetamine use disorders Cannabis use disorders Other drug use disorders Diabetes and kidney diseases Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus type 1 Diabetes mellitus type 2 Chronic kidney disease Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 1 Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 2 Chronic kidney disease due to hypertension Chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis Chronic kidney disease due to other and unspecified causes Acute glomerulonephritis Skin and subcutaneous diseases Dermatitis Atopic dermatitis Contact dermatitis Seborrhoeic dermatitis Psoriasis Bacterial skin diseases Cellulitis Pyoderma Scabies Fungal skin diseases Viral skin diseases Acne vulgaris Alopecia areata Pruritus Urticaria Decubitus ulcer Other skin and subcutaneous diseases Sense organ diseases Blindness and vision loss Glaucoma Cataract Age-related macular degeneration Refraction disorders Near vision loss Other vision loss Age-related and other hearing loss Other sense organ diseases Musculoskeletal disorders Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis hip Osteoarthritis knee Osteoarthritis hand Osteoarthritis other Low back pain Neck pain Gout Other musculoskeletal disorders Other non-communicable diseases Congenital birth defects Neural tube defects Congenital heart anomalies Orofacial clefts Down syndrome Turner syndrome Klinefelter syndrome Other chromosomal abnormalities Congenital musculoskeletal and limb anomalies Urogenital congenital anomalies Digestive congenital anomalies Other congenital birth defects Urinary diseases and male infertility Urinary tract infections and interstitial nephritis Urolithiasis Benign prostatic hyperplasia Male infertility Other urinary diseases Gynecological diseases Uterine fibroids Polycystic ovarian syndrome Female infertility Endometriosis Genital prolapse Premenstrual syndrome Other gynecological diseases Hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias Thalassemias Thalassemias trait Sickle cell disorders Sickle cell trait G6PD deficiency G6PD trait Other hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias Endocrine, metabolic, blood, and immune disorders Oral disorders Caries of deciduous teeth Caries of permanent teeth Periodontal diseases Edentulism Other oral disorders Sudden infant death syndrome Injuries Transport injuries Road injuries Pedestrian road injuries Cyclist road injuries Motorcyclist road injuries Motor vehicle road injuries Other road injuries Other transport injuries Unintentional injuries Falls Drowning Fire, heat, and hot substances Poisonings Poisoning by carbon monoxide Poisoning by other means Exposure to mechanical forces Unintentional firearm injuries Other exposure to mechanical forces Adverse effects of medical treatment Animal contact Venomous animal contact Non-venomous animal contact Foreign body Pulmonary aspiration and foreign body in airway Foreign body in eyes Foreign body in other body part Environmental heat and cold exposure Exposure to forces of nature Other unintentional injuries Self-harm and interpersonal violence Self-harm Self-harm by firearm Self-harm by other specified means Interpersonal violence Physical violence by firearm Physical violence by sharp object Sexual violence Physical violence by other means Conflict and terrorism Executions and police conflict Total cancers Total burden related to hepatitis B Total burden related to hepatitis C Total burden related to Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Impairments
Select Impairments Anemia Epilepsy Guillain-Barré syndrome Hearing loss Heart failure Infertility Developmental intellectual disability Pelvic inflammatory disease Blindness and vision loss
Risks
All risk factors Environmental/occupational risks Unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing Unsafe water source Unsafe sanitation No access to handwashing facility Air pollution Particulate matter pollution Ambient particulate matter pollution Household air pollution from solid fuels Ambient ozone pollution Non-optimal temperature High temperature Low temperature Other environmental risks Residential radon Lead exposure Occupational risks Occupational carcinogens Occupational exposure to asbestos Occupational exposure to arsenic Occupational exposure to benzene Occupational exposure to beryllium Occupational exposure to cadmium Occupational exposure to chromium Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust Occupational exposure to formaldehyde Occupational exposure to nickel Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Occupational exposure to silica Occupational exposure to sulfuric acid Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene Occupational asthmagens Occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes Occupational noise Occupational injuries Occupational ergonomic factors Behavioral risks Child and maternal malnutrition Suboptimal breastfeeding Non-exclusive breastfeeding Discontinued breastfeeding Child growth failure Child underweight Child wasting Child stunting Low birth weight and short gestation Short gestation Low birth weight Iron deficiency Vitamin A deficiency Zinc deficiency Tobacco Smoking Chewing tobacco Secondhand smoke Alcohol use Drug use Dietary risks Diet low in fruits Diet low in vegetables Diet low in legumes Diet low in whole grains Diet low in nuts and seeds Diet low in milk Diet high in red meat Diet high in processed meat Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages Diet low in fiber Diet low in calcium Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids Diet high in trans fatty acids Diet high in sodium Intimate partner violence Childhood sexual abuse and bullying Childhood sexual abuse Bullying victimization Unsafe sex Low physical activity Metabolic risks High fasting plasma glucose High LDL cholesterol High systolic blood pressure High body-mass index Low bone mineral density Kidney dysfunction
Covariates
All Covariates 10-year lag distributed energy per capita 12-month non-partner sexual violence 90th percentile climatic temperature in the given country-year. Adult HIV crude death rate Adult HIV death rate Adult HIV death rate both sexes Age-Standardize Prevalence of Severe Anemia Age-standardized bone mineral density among population age 60+ years Age-standardized death rate of diabetes (0-15 years) (per 100,000) Age-standardized melanoma Age-standardized prevalence of cannabis dependence in women of reproductive age Age-standardized prevalence of cocaine dependence in women of reproductive-age Age-standardized prevalence of opioid dependence in women of reproductive age Age-standardized proportion adult underweight Alcohol abstainer proportion, age-standardized Alcohol binge drinker proportion, age-standardized Alcohol consumption, age standardized, in grams per day Alcohol drinker proportion, age-standardized All age underweight Antenatal Care (1 visit) Coverage (proportion) Antenatal Care (4 visits) Coverage (proportion) Antibiotics for LRI Antimalarial effective treatment ratio_MAP Antimalarial effective treatment_MAP Asbestos consumption (metric tons per year per capita) BAC law professional drivers (quartile) BAC law general population (quartile) BAC law youth drivers (quartile) Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine coverage, COVID-free (proportion) Birth prevalence of CHD Birth prevalence of congenital chromosomal anomalies calcium unadjusted(g) chagasPrevPAHO Coastal Population within 10km (proportion) Composite fortification standard and folic acid inclusion Composite fortification standard and iron inclusion Contraception (Modern) Prevalence (proportion by age) Contraception (Modern) Prevalence (proportion) Cumulative Cigarettes (10 Years) Cumulative Cigarettes (15 Years) Cumulative Cigarettes (20 Years) Cumulative Cigarettes (5 Years) Demand for contraception satisfied with modern methods Demand for contraception satisfied with modern methods, by age Dengue outbreaks (binary) Dentists per capita Diabetes Age-Specific Prevalence (proportion) Diabetes Age-Standardized Prevalence (proportion) Diabetes Fasting Plasma Glucose (mmol/L), age-standardized 25+ Diabetes Fasting Plasma Glucose (mmol/L), by age Diet high in sodium Diet high in trans fatty acids Dietary zinc unadjusted (mg) DTP3 Coverage, COVID-free (proportion) DTP3 lagged five year coverage, COVID-free (proportion) echinococcosis endemicity Education (years per capita) Education (years per capita) aggregated by age (15+) and sex Education Absolute Inequality (AAID) Education Absolute Inequality (AAID), age-standardized Education Absolute Inequality (AAID), maternal Education age-standardized Education Relative Inequality (Gini) Education Relative Inequality (Gini), age-standardized Education Relative Inequality (Gini), maternal Elevation 100 to 500m (proportion) Elevation 500 to 1500m (proportion) Elevation Over 1500m (proportion) Elevation Under 100m (proportion) energy unadjusted(kcal) Enhanced Vegetation Index long term average 2000-2012 (mean) Female HIV death rate per 1 for ages 15-49 fiber unadjusted(g) Folic acid unadjusted (ug) Fortification standard Fortification standard including folic acid Fortification standard including iron Fraction of OOP Health Expenditure fruits unadjusted(g) Gallup: Negative Experience Index GDP per capita base 2010 Gold production (kg) per capita Gold production (kg) per capita, smoothed with 20-year lag Health expenditure (per capita) Health Industry Workers Health worker density Hemoglobinopathies Prevalence x Excess Mortality Hemoglobinopathies Prevalence x Excess Mortality (excluding G6PD deficiency) Hepatitis A Seroprevalence (anti-HAV) age standardized Hepatitis B 3-dose coverage, COVID-free (proportion) Hepatitis B 3-dose coverage, lagged 10 years, COVID-free (proportion) Hepatitis B 3-dose coverage, lagged 5 years, COVID-free (proportion) Hepatitis B Seroprevalence (HBsAg) age standardized Hepatitis B vaccine coverage, aged through time, COVID-free (proportion) Hepatitis C Seroprevalence (anti-HCV) age standardized Hepatitis E Seroprevalence (anti-HEV) age standardized HepB3 lagged five year coverage, COVID-free (proportion) Hib3 lagged five year coverage, COVID-free (proportion) Hib3 Vaccine Coverage, COVID-free (proportion) HIV age-standardized prevalence HIV mortality rate HIV mortality, females, 10-54 HIV Prevalence Unadjusted (proportion) Hospital Beds (per 1000) Improved Water Source (proportion with access) In-Facility Delivery (proportion) Indoor Air Pollution (All Cooking Fuels) Inpatient utilization envelope Intravenous drug use (age-standardized proportion) Intravenous drug use (proportion by age) Iron energy unadjusted (mg) Japanese encelphalitis endemic area (binary) LDI (I$ per capita) Lead exposure Lead Gas Outphase (binary) Legality of Abortion Liters of alcohol consumed per capita Log total health expenditure per capita Log-transformed coal production (per capita) Low bone mineral density Low-Density Lipoprotein (mmol/L) Major depressive disorder Malaria incidence_MAP Malaria Lysenko PFPR 1 (Holoendemic) Malaria PfPR_MAP Malnutrition Shock log-transformed mortality rate Malnutrition Shock mortality rate Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy (proportion) Maternal care and immunization Maternal Education (years per capita) Max Trachoma Population at risk MCV1 lagged five year coverage, COVID-free (proportion) MCV2 lagged five year coverage, COVID-free (proportion) Mean BMI Mean Hemoglobin Mean hemoglobin concentration (age-standardized) Mean hemoglobin, age sex specific Mean war mortality rate in the previous ten years Measles Vaccine Coverage 2 doses, COVID-free (proportion) Measles Vaccine Coverage, COVID-free (proportion) meningitis belt (proportion) milk unadjusted(g) MMR due to abortion and miscarriage MMR due to ectopic pregnancy MMR due to maternal hemorrhage MMR due to maternal hypertensive disorders MMR due to obstructed labor MMR due to sepsis and other maternal infections Mortality Rate Due to Death Shocks in Last 10 Years (per 1 person) Mortality Rate Due to War Shocks (per 1 person) Muslim Religion (proportion of population) NAFLD/NASH prevalence No access to handwashing facility Nurses and Midwives per capita nuts seeds unadjusted(g) Occupation Professionals Opioids per million population per day Opioids per million population per day (10 year lag) Opioids per million population per day (5 year lag) Opium Cultivation (binary) ORS (oral rehydration) Outdoor Air Pollution (PM2.5) PCV3 Coverage, COVID-free (proportion) PCV3 lagged five year coverage, COVID-free (proportion) Pelvic inflammatory disease age-standardized prevalence Pelvic inflammatory disease all-age prevalence Pharmacists per capita Physicians per capita Pigs (per capita) Polio 3-dose coverage, COVID-free (proportion) Polio3 lagged five year coverage, COVID-free (proportion) Population Density (300-500 ppl/sqkm, proportion) Population Density (500-1000 ppl/sqkm, proportion) Population Density (over 1000 ppl/sqkm, proportion) Population Density (under 150 ppl/sqkm, proportion) Population weighted probability of dengue transmission Population-weighted mean temperature Poultry energy unadjusted (g) Prevalence of obesity Prevalence of obesity (age-standardized) Prevalence of overweight and obesity Probability of sickle C trait (HbC) at birth Probability of sickle S trait (HbS) at birth Proportion of cirrhosis due to alcohol Proportion of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B Proportion of cirrhosis due to hepatitis C Proportion of cirrhosis due to NASH Proportion of cirrhosis due to other causes Proportion of households using iodized salt (adjusted) Proportion of liver cancer due to alcohol (Age Standardized) Proportion of liver cancer due to hepatitis B (Age Standardized) Proportion of liver cancer due to hepatitis C (Age Standardized) Proportion of liver cancer due to NASH (Age Standardized) Proportion of liver cancer due to other causes (Age Standardized) Proportion of population involved in agricultural activities Proportion of the population living in the classic monsoon region Proportion of the population living in the classic monsoon region (low-income countries) Proportion of the population living in the Indian Ocean monsoon belt Proportion of the population with 0 years of education Proportion of the population with 0 years of education, age-standardized Proportion of the population with 0 years of education, maternal Proportion of the population with at least 12 years of education Proportion of the population with at least 12 years of education, age-standardized Proportion of the population with at least 12 years of education, maternal Proportion of the population with at least 15 years of education Proportion of the population with at least 15 years of education, age-standardized Proportion of the population with at least 15 years of education, maternal Proportion of the population with at least 6 years of education Proportion of the population with at least 6 years of education, age-standardized Proportion of the population with at least 6 years of education, maternal Proportion of the population working in mining with 20-year lag Proportion of total population covered by menafrivac initiative (meningitis meningococcal type A vaccine) pufa adjusted(percent) Pulses legumes unadjusted(g) Rainfall (Quintiles 2-5) Rainfall (Quintiles 3-5) Rainfall (Quintiles 4-5) Rainfall Population-Weighted (mm/yr) Rainfall Quintile 1 (proportion) Rainfall Quintile 2 (proportion) Rainfall Quintile 3 (proportion) Rainfall Quintile 4 (proportion) Rainfall Quintile 5 (proportion) RCV1 lagged five year coverage, COVID-free (proportion) red meats unadjusted(g) Religion (binary, >50% Muslim) Residential radon RotaC lagged five year coverage, COVID-free (proportion) Rotavirus coverage, COVID-free (proportion) Rubella Vaccine Coverage, COVID-free (Proportion) Sanitation (proportion with access) Schisto cumulative treatments Schistosomiasis Prevalence (proportion) Schistosomiasis Prevalence Results Secondhand smoke Skilled Birth Attendance (proportion) Smoking Prevalence Smoking Prevalence (Age-standardized, both sexes) Smoking Prevalence (Age-standardized, females) Smoking Prevalence (Age-standardized, males) Smoking Prevalence (Reproductive Age Standardized) Smooth outphase of leaded gasoline Socio-demographic Index Speed limit law rural (quartile) Speed limit law urban (quartile) sugar unadjusted(g) Syphilis prevalence (proportion) Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) TB strain prevalence-weighted transmission RR tetanus toxoid maternal protection at birth Tobacco (cigarettes per capita) Total Physical Activity (MET-min/week), Age-specific Total Physical Activity (MET-min/week), Age-standardized Tuberculosis infection risk-weighted prevalence (age-standardized) Tuberculosis prevalence (age-standardized) Under 5 HIV death rate Underweight women of reproductive age Underweight women, age specific Urbanicity (binary) vegetables unadjusted(g) Vehicles - 2 wheels (per capita) Vehicles - 2 wheels fraction (proportion) Vehicles - 2+4 wheels (per capita) Vehicles - 4 wheels (per capita) Vitamin A Deficiency Prevalence (age-standardized) vitamin a rae unadjusted (ug) vitamin a retinol unadjusted (ug) Vitamin A supplementation coverage rate vitamin a unadjusted (iu) WHO STH MDA Coverage Zinc deficiency Zinc treatment for diarrhea
Locations
Global Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia Central Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Mongolia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Central Europe Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Hungary Montenegro North Macedonia Poland Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Eastern Europe Belarus Estonia Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Ukraine High-income Australasia Australia New Zealand High-income Asia Pacific Brunei Darussalam Japan Aichi Akita Aomori Chiba Ehime Fukui Fukuoka Fukushima Gifu Gunma Hiroshima Hokkaidō Hyōgo Ibaraki Ishikawa Iwate Kagawa Kagoshima Kanagawa Kōchi Kumamoto Kyōto Mie Miyagi Miyazaki Nagano Nagasaki Nara Niigata Ōita Okayama Okinawa Ōsaka Saga Saitama Shiga Shimane Shizuoka Tochigi Tokushima Tōkyō Tottori Toyama Wakayama Yamagata Yamaguchi Yamanashi Republic of Korea Singapore High-income North America Canada Greenland United States of America Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Southern Latin America Argentina Chile Uruguay Western Europe Andorra Austria Belgium Cyprus Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Monaco Netherlands Norway Agder Innlandet Møre og Romsdal Nordland Oslo Rogaland Troms og Finnmark Trøndelag Vestfold og Telemark Vestland Viken Portugal San Marino Spain Sweden Stockholm Sweden except Stockholm Switzerland United Kingdom England East Midlands Derby Derbyshire Leicester Leicestershire Lincolnshire Northamptonshire Nottingham Nottinghamshire Rutland East of England Bedford Cambridgeshire Central Bedfordshire Essex Hertfordshire Luton Norfolk Peterborough Southend-on-Sea Suffolk Thurrock Greater London Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston upon Thames Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond upon Thames Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth Westminster North East England County Durham Darlington Gateshead Hartlepool Middlesbrough Newcastle upon Tyne North Tyneside Northumberland Redcar and Cleveland South Tyneside Stockton-on-Tees Sunderland North West England Blackburn with Darwen Blackpool Bolton Bury Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Cumbria Halton Knowsley Lancashire Liverpool Manchester Oldham Rochdale Salford Sefton St Helens Stockport Tameside Trafford Warrington Wigan Wirral South East England Bracknell Forest Brighton and Hove Buckinghamshire East Sussex Hampshire Isle of Wight Kent Medway Milton Keynes Oxfordshire Portsmouth Reading Slough Southampton Surrey West Berkshire West Sussex Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham South West England Bath and North East Somerset Bournemouth Bristol, City of Cornwall Devon Dorset Gloucestershire North Somerset Plymouth Poole Somerset South Gloucestershire Swindon Torbay Wiltshire West Midlands Birmingham Coventry Dudley Herefordshire, County of Sandwell Shropshire Solihull Staffordshire Stoke-on-Trent Telford and Wrekin Walsall Warwickshire Wolverhampton Worcestershire Yorkshire and the Humber Barnsley Bradford Calderdale Doncaster East Riding of Yorkshire Kingston upon Hull, City of Kirklees Leeds North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Yorkshire Rotherham Sheffield Wakefield York Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Latin America and Caribbean Andean Latin America Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Ecuador Peru Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Virgin Islands Central Latin America Colombia Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Aguascalientes Baja California Baja California Sur Campeche Chiapas Chihuahua Coahuila Colima Durango Guanajuato Guerrero Hidalgo Jalisco México Mexico City Michoacán de Ocampo Morelos Nayarit Nuevo León Oaxaca Puebla Querétaro Quintana Roo San Luis Potosí Sinaloa Sonora Tabasco Tamaulipas Tlaxcala Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave Yucatán Zacatecas Nicaragua Panama Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Tropical Latin America Brazil Acre Alagoas Amapá Amazonas Bahia Ceará Distrito Federal Espírito Santo Goiás Maranhão Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais Pará Paraíba Paraná Pernambuco Piaui Rio de Janeiro Rio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Sul Rondônia Roraima Santa Catarina São Paulo Sergipe Tocantins Paraguay North Africa and Middle East North Africa and Middle East Afghanistan Algeria Bahrain Egypt Iran (Islamic Republic of) Alborz Ardebil Bushehr Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari East Azarbayejan Fars Gilan Golestan Hamadan Hormozgan Ilam Isfahan Kerman Kermanshah Khorasan-e-Razavi Khuzestan Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Kurdistan Lorestan Markazi Mazandaran North Khorasan Qazvin Qom Semnan Sistan and Baluchistan South Khorasan Tehran West Azarbayejan Yazd Zanjan Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Sudan Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen South Asia South Asia Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Azad Jammu & Kashmir Balochistan Gilgit-Baltistan Islamabad Capital Territory Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania East Asia China Democratic People's Republic of Korea Taiwan (Province of China) Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia (Federated States of) Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Southeast Asia Cambodia Indonesia Aceh Bali Bangka-Belitung Islands Banten Bengkulu Gorontalo Jakarta Jambi West Java Central Java East Java West Kalimantan South Kalimantan Central Kalimantan East Kalimantan North Kalimantan Riau Islands Lampung Maluku North Maluku West Nusa Tenggara East Nusa Tenggara Papua West Papua Riau West Sulawesi South Sulawesi Central Sulawesi Southeast Sulawesi North Sulawesi West Sumatra South Sumatra North Sumatra Yogyakarta Lao People's Democratic Republic Malaysia Maldives Mauritius Myanmar Philippines Seychelles Sri Lanka Thailand Timor-Leste Viet Nam Sub-Saharan Africa Central Sub-Saharan Africa Angola Central African Republic Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Addis Ababa Afar Amhara Benishangul-Gumuz Dire Dawa Gambella Harari Oromia Somali Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Tigray Kenya Baringo Bomet Bungoma Busia Elgeyo-Marakwet Embu Garissa HomaBay Isiolo Kajiado Kakamega Kericho Kiambu Kilifi Kirinyaga Kisii Kisumu Kitui Kwale Laikipia Lamu Machakos Makueni Mandera Marsabit Meru Migori Mombasa Murang'a Nairobi Nakuru Nandi Narok Nyamira Nyandarua Nyeri Samburu Siaya TaitaTaveta TanaRiver TharakaNithi TransNzoia Turkana UasinGishu Vihiga Wajir WestPokot Madagascar Malawi Mozambique Rwanda Somalia South Sudan Uganda United Republic of Tanzania Zambia Southern Sub-Saharan Africa Botswana Eswatini Lesotho Namibia South Africa Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga North-West Northern Cape Western Cape Zimbabwe Western Sub-Saharan Africa Benin Burkina Faso Cabo Verde Cameroon Chad Côte d'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Togo
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Results Results for component: Nonfatal Health Outcomes , impairment: Blindness and vision loss , location: Global . Total Citations: 481
Total Source Metadata Rows: 21192
Citations Pages
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Laitinen A, Koskinen S, Härkänen T, Reunanen A, Laatikainen L, Aromaa A. A nationwide population-based survey on visual acuity, near vision, and self-reported visual function in the adult population in Finland. Ophthalmology. 2005; 112(12): 2227-37.
Nirmalan PK, Thulasiraj RD, Maneksha V, Rahmathullah R, Ramakrishnan R, Padmavathi A, Munoz SR, Ellwein LB. A population based eye survey of older adults in Tirunelveli district of south India: blindness, cataract surgery, and visual outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002; 86(5): 505-12.
Lu Q, Zheng Y, Sun B, Cui T, Congdon N, Hu A, Chen J, Shi J. A population-based study of visual impairment among pre-school children in Beijing: the Beijing study of visual impairment in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009; 147(6): 1075-81.
Mactaggart I, Polack S, Murthy G, Kuper H. A population-based survey of visual impairment and its correlates in Mahabubnagar district, Telangana State, India. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2018; 25(3): 238-245.
Lindfield R, Griffiths U, Bozzani F, Mumba M, Munsanje J. A Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness in Southern Zambia. PLoS One. 2012; 7(6): e38483.
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Cedrone C, Ricci F, Nucci C, Cesareo M, Macrì G, Culasso F. Age-specific changes in the prevalence of best-corrected visual impairment in an Italian population. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2007; 14(5): 320-6.
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Caca I, Cingu AK, Sahin A, Ari S, Dursun ME, Dag U, Balsak S, Alakus F, Yavuz A, Palanci Y. Amblyopia and refractive errors among school-aged children with low socioeconomic status in southeastern Turkey. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2013; 50(1): 37-43.
International Centre for Eye Health (ICEH). Argentina - Buenos Aires Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness 2003. Grootebroek, Netherlands: RAAB Repository.
International Centre for Eye Health (ICEH). Argentina Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness Survey 2013. Grootebroek, Netherlands: RAAB Repository, 2013.
Bettadapura GS, Donthi K, Datti NP, Ranganath BG, Ramaswamy SB, Jayaram TS. Assessment of avoidable blindness using the rapid assessment of avoidable blindness methodology. N Am J Med Sci. 2012; 4(9): 389-93.
Cerulli L, Cedrone C, Assefa C, Scuderi GL. Assessment of visual status of the population in seven regions of Ethiopia. Rev Int Trach Pathol Ocul Trop Subtrop Sante Publique. 1984; 2-4: 127-42.
Chia E-M, Mitchell P, Rochtchina E, Foran S, Golding M, Wang JJ. Association between vision and hearing impairments and their combined effects on quality of life. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006; 124(10): 1465-70.
Centre for Vision Research, University of Sydney. Australia - Blue Mountains Eye Study 1992-1994.
CSF Global (Bangladesh), International Centre for Eye Health (ICEH). Bangladesh - Barisal Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness 2013.
CSF Global (Bangladesh), International Centre for Eye Health (ICEH). Bangladesh - Brahmanbaria and Satkhira Districts Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness 2012.
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