Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) - Nonfatal Health Outcomes 1 (Acne vulgaris - Analytical flowchart for the estimation of cause-specific YLDs by location, age, sex, and year for GBD 2019)

Acne vulgaris

• Age-sex splitting
• Comorbidity correction (COMO)
• Meta-analysis of % mild\mod\sev Acne
• Severity splits
• Dismod-MR 2.1

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Acute Endocarditis

• Age sex splitting
• CSMR from CODEm
• Claims data code adjustment
• Comorbidity correction (COMO)
• DisMod-MR 2.1
• Meta-analysis of moderate, severe
• Severity splits

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Acute glomerulonephritis

• Adjustment from primary code to all code for both inpatient and outpatient encounters based on claims data
• Age-pattern analysis
• Age-sex splitting
• Comorbidity correction (COMO)
• Dismod-MR 2.1
• Model excess mortality in MR-BRT
• MR-BRT bias correction analysis for altenrative case definition/method
• MR-BRT sex ratio analysis

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Acute Hep A

• Sex splitting
• Crosswalking alternative definitions
• Age splitting
• DisMod-MR 2.1
• Incidence conversion and severity splits
• Comorbidity correction (COMO)

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Acute Hep B

• Outlier data based on vaccine status
• Generate custom CSMR for hepatitis B
• Sex splitting
• Crosswalking alternative definitions
• Age splitting
• DisMod-MR 2.1
• Adjust for vaccine coverage and efficacy
• Carrier to acute conversion and severity splits
• Comorbidity correction (COMO)

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Acute Hep C

• Generate custom CSMR for hepatitis B
• Sex splitting
• Crosswalking alternative definitions
• Age splitting
• DisMod-MR 2.1
• Acute to chronic conversion and severity splits
• Comorbidity correction (COMO)

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Acute Hep E

• Sex splitting
• Crosswalking alternative definitions
• Age splitting
• Comorbidity correction (COMO)
• DisMod-MR 2.1
• Severity splits

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Acute Myocarditis

• Claims data code adjustment
• Disability weights for each sequela
• Comorbidity correction (COMO)
• DisMod-MR 2.1

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Acute Urolithiasis

• Adjustment from primary code to all code for both inpatient and outpatient encounters based on claims data
• Age-pattern analysis
• Age-sex splitting
• Comorbidity correction (COMO)
• Dismod-MR 2.1
• Meta analysis
• Model excess mortality in MR-BRT
• MR-BRT bias correction analysis for altenrative case definition/method
• MR-BRT sex ratio analysis
• Severity splits

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Alcohol dependence

• Age-sex splitting
• Comorbidity correction (COMO)
• Computing excess mortality from available incidence & CSMR data
• Conversion of "past year" prevalence data points into "point" prevalence data points
• DisMod-MR 2.1
• Severity splits
• Meta-analysis of % asymptomatic, very mild, mild, moderate, severe alchol dependence

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Alopecia areata

• Age-sex splitting
• Comorbidity correction (COMO)
• Dismod-MR 2.1
• Meta-analysis of % mild and severe Alopecia Areata
• Severity splits

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Alzheimer disease and other dementias

• Relative Risk models by cause (MR-BRT)
• Calculation of PAF of each cause for dementia
• Subtraction of dementia due to other GBD causes
• MR-BRT Sex Ratio Analysis
• Age-pattern analysis
• MR-BRT Bias Correction Analysis for Alternative Case Defintion / Method
• Age-sex splitting
• Dismod-MR 2.1 (model 1)
• Dismod-MR 2.1 (model 2)
• Meta-analysis of % mild, moderate, severe dementia
• Severity splits
• Comorbidity correction (COMO)
• MR-BRT attributable risk meta-analysis
• MR-BRT relative risk meta-analysis
• Calculate excess all-cause mortality due to dementia
• Calculate excess end-stage disease proportions in those with dementia
• Calculate excess end-stage disease proportions out of excess dementia deaths
• Calculate total excess dementia deaths with end stage disease markers as deaths due to dementia

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Amphetamine use disorders

• Case definition adjustment
• Age-sex splitting
• Comorbidity correction (COMO)
• Computing excess mortality from available incidence & CSMR data
• Dismod-MR 2.1
• Mapping of EQ5D to SF-12
• Mapping to SF-12 GBD disability weight

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Analytical flowchart for the estimation of cause-specific YLDs by location, age, sex, and year for GBD 2019

• 3a. DisMod-MR 2.1 Estimation
  • DisMod-MR 2.1
• 3c. Injury Modeling strategy
  • DisMod-MR 2.1
  • Apply cause-nature of injury matrices
  • Determine most severe nature of injury category in any individual
  • Estimate duration of short-term disability
  • Generate cause-nature of injury matrices with neg. binomial models
  • Meta-analysis
  • Probability of long-term disability
• 7. Comorbidity
  • Comorbidity correction (COMO)
• 2. Data Adjustment
  • Add study-level covariates
  • Adjustment for multiple admissions in same individual
  • Adjustment for multiple outpatient visits per prevalent\incident case based on claims data
  • Adjustment for underreporting
  • Adjustment from primary code to all code based on claims data for causes with long duration
  • Age-sex splitting
  • Compute excess mortality prior from available incidence or prevalence & CSMR
  • Pre DisMod bias correction
• 3b. Alternative Disease Modeling Strategies
  • Cancer
  • Case fatality proportion and cause of death rate models
  • HIV\AIDS and TB
  • Malaria
  • Neonatal disorders
  • Seroprevalence to incidence models
• 4. Impairment and Underlying Cause Estimation
  • Apply etiology\severity proportions to disease\impairment morbidity estimates
  • Scale impairment prevalence by underlying cause or severity to envelope
  • Scale to 100%
• 5. Severity Distribution
  • DisMod analysis proportion by severity level
  • Map EQ5D to SF-12
  • Map SF-12 to GBD disability weights
  • Meta-analysis proportion by severity level
  • Regression to estimate disability weight by cause in survey resps controlling for comorbidity
  • Scale to 100%
• 6. Disability Weights
  • Analysis of paired comparison & population health equivalence responses
• 8. YLDs
  • YLD to YLL ratio for 12 residual causes without primary data

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