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Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Data Input Sources Tool

Data resources from the current GBD round are available at Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) Data Resources.

The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) synthesizes a large number of input sources to estimate mortality, causes of death and illness, and risk factors.

The Data Input Sources Tool lets you explore GBD 2019 input sources and retrieve relevant metadata.

Use the selection boxes below to see these input sources by GBD component, geography, and cause. After you have made your selection, you can view and access GHDx catalog records for input sources used by GBD.

Download these input sources as a CSV file to see more information about how they were used in the analysis for the Global Burden of Disease. This CSV file contains relevant metadata about the input sources as suggested in the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER), a statement that promotes best practices in reporting health estimates.

For detailed information on the tool and the contents of the CSV files, refer to the following documents:

Results

Results for cause: Autism spectrum disorders, component: Nonfatal Health Outcomes, location: Global

Total Citations: 167

Total Source Metadata Rows: 982

Citations

Pages

Parner ET, Thorsen P, Dixon G, de Klerk N, Leonard H, Nassar N, Bourke J, Bower C, Glasson EJ. A comparison of autism prevalence trends in Denmark and Western Australia. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011; 41(12): 1601-8.

Atladóttir HÓ, Schendel DE, Parner ET, Henriksen TB. A Descriptive Study on the Neonatal Morbidity Profile of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Including a Comparison with Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015; 45(8): 2429–42.

Samadi SA, Mahmoodizadeh A, McConkey R. A national study of the prevalence of autism among five-year-old children in Iran. Autism. 2012; 16(1): 5-14.

Li J, Vestergaard M, Obel C, Christensen J, Precht DH, Lu M, Olsen J. A nationwide study on the risk of autism after prenatal stress exposure to maternal bereavement. Pediatrics. 2009; 123(4): 1102–7.

Totsika V, Hastings RP, Emerson E, Lancaster GA, Berridge DM. A population-based investigation of behavioural and emotional problems and maternal mental health: associations with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011; 52(1): 91–9.

Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, Schendel D, Wohlfahrt J, Thorsen P, Olsen J, Melbye M. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347(19): 1477–82.

Kamer A, Zohar AH, Youngmann R, Diamond GW, Inbar D, Senecky Y. A prevalence estimate of pervasive developmental disorder among immigrants to Israel and Israeli natives- a file review study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2004; 39(2): 141–5.

Baird G, Charman T, Baron-Cohen S, Cox A, Swettenham J, Wheelwright S, Drew A. A screening instrument for autism at 18 months of age: a 6-year follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 39(6): 694–702.

Sturner R, Howard B, Bergmann P, Morrel T, Landa R, Walton K, Marks D. Accurate Autism Screening at the 18-Month Well-Child Visit Requires Different Strategies than at 24 Months. J Autism Dev Disord. 2017; 47(10): 3296–310.

Kakooza-Mwesige A, Ssebyala K, Karamagi C, Kiguli S, Smith K, Anderson MC, Croen LA, Trevathan E, Hansen R, Smith D, Grether JK. Adaptation of the “ten questions” to screen for autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders in Uganda. Autism. 2014; 18(4): 447–57.

Sturmey P, Vernon J. Administrative prevalence of autism in the Texas school system. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001; 40(6): 621–621.

Lin JD, Lin LP, Wu JL. Administrative Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders Based on National Disability Registers in Taiwan. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2009; 3(1): 269-74.

Hultman CM, Sandin S, Levine SZ, Lichtenstein P, Reichenberg A. Advancing paternal age and risk of autism: new evidence from a population-based study and a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2011; 16(12): 1203–12.

Zhang G, Xu Y, Huang C, Yang H, Lu Y. An epidemiolgoical survey of autism in the Yunyan district of Guiyang city. J Guiyand Med Coll. 2009; 34(4): 463–465.

Wang W, Zhai L, Zheng L, Zhu J, Qu X, Feng Q, et al. An epidemiology survey of autism in Jiangsu province. Chin J Behav Med Sci. 2003; 12(2): 173–174.

Gurney JG, Fritz MS, Ness KK, Sievers P, Newschaffer CJ, Shapiro EG. Analysis of prevalence trends of autism spectrum disorder in Minnesota. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003; 157(7): 622–7.

Liang M, Chen Q, Liu C, Gu Z, Mai M, Jiang Y. Analysis of screening for autism in preschool children in Maoming. Matern Child Health Care China. 2011; 26: 1164-1165.

Nilsen RM, Surén P, Gunnes N, Alsaker ER, Bresnahan M, Hirtz D, Hornig M, Lie KK, Lipkin WI, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Roth C, Schjølberg S, Smith GD, Susser E, Vollset SE, Øyen A-S, Magnus P, Stoltenberg C. Analysis of self-selection bias in a population-based cohort study of autism spectrum disorders. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2013; 27(6): 553–63.

Wang YJ, Wang WR. Analysis on Application of DSM-V in Early Screening of Autism Spectrum Disorder Children. Matern Child Health Care China. 2015; 13: 2011-4.

Roelfsema MT, Hoekstra RA, Allison C, Wheelwright S, Brayne C, Matthews FE, Baron-Cohen S. Are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in an information-technology region? A school-based study of three regions in the Netherlands. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012; 42(5): 734–9.

Taylor B, Miller E, Farrington CP, Petropoulos MC, Favot-Mayaud I, Li J, Waight PA. Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association. Lancet. 1999; 353(9169): 2026–9.

Zhang X, Ji C-Y. Autism and mental retardation of young children in China. Biomed Environ Sci. 2005; 18(5): 334–40.

Arvidsson T, Danielsson B, Forsberg P, Gillberg C, Johansson M, Kjellgren G. Autism in 3-6-Year-Old Children in a Suburb of Goteborg, Sweden. Autism. 1997; 1(2): 163-73.

Kielinen M, Linna S-L, Moilanen I. Autism in Northern Finland. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 9(3): 162-7.

Ellefsen A, Kampmann H, Billstedt E, Gillberg IC, Gillberg C. Autism in the Faroe Islands. An Epidemiological Study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007; 37(3): 437-44.

Davidovitch M, Holtzman G, Tirosh E. Autism in the Haifa area--an epidemiological perspective. Isr Med Assoc J. 2001; 3(3): 188–9.

Lundström S, Reichenberg A, Anckarsäter H, Lichtenstein P, Gillberg C. Autism phenotype versus registered diagnosis in Swedish children: prevalence trends over 10 years in general population samples. BMJ. 2015; h1961.

Kinney DK, Miller AM, Crowley DJ, Huang E, Gerber E. Autism prevalence following prenatal exposure to hurricanes and tropical storms in Louisiana. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008; 38(3): 481–8.

Parner ET, Schendel DE, Thorsen P. Autism prevalence trends over time in Denmark: changes in prevalence and age at diagnosis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008; 162(12): 1150–6.

Hewitt A, Hall-Lande J, Hamre K, Esler AN, Punyko J, Reichle J, Gulaid AA. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Prevalence in Somali and Non-Somali Children. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016; 46(8): 2599–608.

Fernell E, Gillberg C. Autism spectrum disorder diagnoses in Stockholm preschoolers. Res Dev Disabil. 2010; 31(3): 680-5.

Surén P, Bakken IJ, Aase H, Chin R, Gunnes N, Lie KK, Magnus P, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Schjølberg S, Øyen A-S, Stoltenberg C. Autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy in Norwegian children. Pediatrics. 2012; 130(1): e152-158.

Mattila M-L, Kielinen M, Linna S-L, Jussila K, Ebeling H, Bloigu R, Joseph RM, Moilanen I. Autism spectrum disorders according to DSM-IV-TR and comparison with DSM-5 draft criteria: an epidemiological study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011; 50(6): 583–592e11.

Becerra TA, von Ehrenstein OS, Heck JE, Olsen J, Arah OA, Jeste SS, Rodriguez M, Ritz B. Autism Spectrum Disorders and Race, Ethnicity, and Nativity: A Population-Based Study. Pediatrics. 2014; 134(1): e63–71.

Idring S, Rai D, Dal H, Dalman C, Sturm H, Zander E, Lee BK, Serlachius E, Magnusson C. Autism spectrum disorders in the Stockholm Youth Cohort: design, prevalence and validity. PLoS One. 2012; 7(7): e41280.

Nassar N, Dixon G, Bourke J, Bower C, Glasson E, de Klerk N, Leonard H. Autism spectrum disorders in young children: effect of changes in diagnostic practices. Int J Epidemiol. 2009; 38(5): 1245–54.

Windham GC, Anderson MC, Croen LA, Smith KS, Collins J, Grether JK. Birth prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in the San Francisco Bay area by demographic and ascertainment source characteristics. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011; 41(10): 1362-72.

Gillberg C, Cederlund M, Lamberg K, Zeijlon L. Brief Report: "The Autism Epidemic". The Registered Prevalence of Autism in a Swedish Urban Area. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006; 36(3): 429-35.

Kadesjö B, Gillberg C, Hagberg B. Brief report: autism and Asperger syndrome in seven-year-old children: a total population study. J Autism Dev Disord. 1999; 29(4): 327-31.

Scott FJ, Baron-Cohen S, Bolton P, Brayne C. Brief report: prevalence of autism spectrum conditions in children aged 5-11 years in Cambridgeshire, UK. Autism. 2002; 6(3): 231–7.

Al-Farsi YM, Al-Sharbati MM, Al-Farsi OA, Al-Shafaee MS, Brooks DR, Waly MI. Brief report: Prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders in the Sultanate of Oman. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011; 41(6): 821-5.

Idring S, Lundberg M, Sturm H, Dalman C, Gumpert C, Rai D, Lee BK, Magnusson C. Changes in prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in 2001-2011: findings from the Stockholm youth cohort. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015; 45(6): 1766-73.

Pinborough-Zimmerman J, Bakian AV, Fombonne E, Bilder D, Taylor J, McMahon WM. Changes in the administrative prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: contribution of special education and health from 2002-2008. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012; 42(4): 521–30.

Powell J, Edwards A, Edwards M, Pandit B, Sungum-Paliwal S, Whitehouse W. Changes in the incidence of childhood autism and other autistic spectrum disorders in preschool children from two areas of the West Midlands, UK. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000; 42(9): 624-8.

Jónsdóttir SL, Saemundsen E, Antonsdóttir IS, Sigurdardóttir S, Ólason D. Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder before or after the age of 6 years. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2011; 5(1): 175–84.

Wang GX, Li X, Fang LY, Xu H. Correlation analysis and investigation of autism spectrum disorder in 2-6 years old children of Zaozhuang. Chin J Child Health Care. 2015; 23(12): 1322-1324.

Honda H, Shimizu Y, Misumi K, Niimi M, Ohashi Y. Cumulative incidence and prevalence of childhood autism in children in Japan. Br J Psychiatry. 1996; 169(2): 228-35.

Honda H, Shimizu Y, Imai M, Nitto Y. Cumulative incidence of childhood autism: a total population study of better accuracy and precision. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005; 47(1): 10-8.

Latif AHA, Williams WR. Diagnostic trends in autistic spectrum disorders in the South Wales valleys. Autism. 2007; 11(6): 479–87.

Raz R, Weisskopf MG, Davidovitch M, Pinto O, Levine H. Differences in autism spectrum disorders incidence by sub-populations in Israel 1992-2009: a total population study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015; 45(4): 1062–9.

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