Alcohol Use
- Adjust for unrecorded consumption and tourism
- Calculate PAFs
- Crosswalk using mixed effect model
- Dismod-MR 2.1
- Meta-analysis of relative risks
- Scale subnational proportions to 1
- Split by age/sex proportions
- Split national into subnational units
- ST-GPR
- TMREL
Ambient Ozone
- Application of mediation factors
- Calculate PAFs
- Calculate relative risk
- Calculate TMREL from American Cancer study
- Interpolation/extrapolation using splines
- TM5-FASST chemical transport model
- TMREL
Ambient Particulate Matter
- Application of mediation factors
- Bayesian hierarchical calibration model
- Bayesian MCMC nonlinear curve-fitting
- Calculate grid-specific relative risks
- Calculate TMREL
- Estimate of gridded surface PM2.5
- Literature review
- Relative risks literature review
- TM5-FASST chemical transport model
- Weight using gridded population & aggregate to PAFs
Analytical flowchart of the comparative risk assessment for the estimation of population attributable fractions
- 1. Effect size estimation
- 1b. Adjustment of relative risk to be compatible with exposure
- 1b. Integrated exposure response curve
- 1b. Meta-analysis/meta-regression of relative risks
- 1b. Select best unbiased study
- 2. Exposure estimation
- 2b. Age-sex split
- 2b. Correct for representativeness
- 2b. Cross-walk between different definitions
- 2b. Cross-walk between measurement methods
- 2c. Bayesian cross-walk using satellite models
- 2c. Cohort-based simulation
- 2c. DisMod - MR 2.1
- 2c. Out sample cross validation
- 2c. ST-GPR
- 2d. Assess distribution in population
- 3. Estimate summary exposure values
- 4. Theoretical minimum risk exposure level
- 4b. Calculate/decide TMREL and uncertainty
- 5.Estimate population attributable fractions
- 6. Mediation
- 7. Estimate attributable burden
Body Mass Index
- Age-sex splitting
- Covariate selection
- Calculate PAFs
- Estimating mean BMI
- Characterizing the BMI distribution
- Meta-analysis
- Self-report adjustment
- ST-GPR
Bone Mineral Density
- Age specific 90th percentile as TMREL
- Calculate PAFS
- Dismod-MR 2.1
- Calculate ensemble weight distribution
Child growth failure
- Mean, SD of height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ) z-scores
- Calculate height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ) z-score for children 0-59 months using WHO Child Growth Standards (2006)
- Collapse into geography-year-age-sex mean, SD
- ST-GPR linear mixed effects model: Mean, Prevalence < -2, < -3
- Optimize SD on Mean, Prevalence of < -2, < -3
- Ensemble distributions fit using individual level microdata by survey and sex
- Combine distribution weights with mean, SD to create z-score distribution
- Integrate at -1 SD, -2 SD, and -3 SD thresholds (mild, moderate, and severe)
- Calculate the effect of each of the three undernutrition indicators adjusted for the effect of the other two
- Calculate PAFs using exposure, relative risks, and TMREL
Childhood Sexual Abuse
Dietary Risks
- Age pattern estimation based on metabolic indicators
- Age splitting
- BMI-NCD RR by age and sex
- Dismod-MR 2.1
- Estimating dietary SDs
- Estimating Mean-SD relationship
- Estimating missing country year data (ST-GPR)
- Linking food groups to nutrient consumption
- TMREL
- SBP-CVD RR by age
- Meta-analysis
- ST-GPR
- Application of mediation factors where applicable
Drug Use
High fasting plasma glucose
- Directly calculated population attributable fractions
- Risk factor estimation
High systolic blood pressure
- Age-sex splitting
- Calculate PAFs
- BRFSS crosswalk
- Standard deviation model
- Covariate selection process
- Usual blood pressure adjustment
- Meta-analysis of relative risks
- ST-GPR
- TMREL
High total cholesterol
- Age-sex splitting
- Calculate PAFs
- BRFSS crosswalk
- Standard deviation model
- Covariate selection process
- Meta-analysis of relative risks
- ST-GPR
- TMREL
Household Air Pollution from Solid Fuels
- Bayesian MCMC nonlinear curve-fitting
- Calculate PAFs
- Calculate relative risk
- Calculate the proportion adjusted by family size
- Calculate the proportion without adjusting family size
- Calculate the ratio of personal exposure
- Crosswalk data for family size adjustment
- Crosswalk exposure to PM2.5 for men, women, children
- Run a mixed effects model to estimate PM2.5 in kitchen
- Run a mixed effects model to generate a multiplier
- ST-GPR
